·        Adjectives: Adjectives modify nouns, providing more information about their qualities; for example, "The red apple is juicy."

·        Adverbs: Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs, describing how, when, or where an action occurs; for example, "She danced gracefully."

·        Prepositions: Prepositions show relationships between nouns and other words in a sentence; for example, "The book is on the shelf."

·        Conjunctions: Conjunctions connect words or groups of words, coordinating or subordinating ideas; for example, "I like both tea and coffee."

·        Interjections: Interjections express strong emotions or sudden exclamations independently; for example, "Oh, I didn't expect you here!"

1.        In: The book is in the bag.

2.        On: The cat is on the roof.

3.        Under: The key is under the mat.

4.        Over: The plane flew over the mountains.

5.        Behind: The car is behind the house.

6.        Beside: The school is beside the park.

7.        Before: We will meet before the movie.

8.        After: They went for ice cream after dinner.

9.        Between: The ball is between the two chairs.

10.   Through: The river flows through the city.

Conjunctions:

Conjunctions connect words or groups of words, coordinating or subordinating ideas; for example, "I like both tea and coffee."

Interjections:

Interjections express strong emotions or sudden exclamations independently; for example, "Oh, I didn't expect you here!"

1. Common Noun (पक्का नहीं है)

• Definition: A common noun refers to a general, ordinary person, place, thing, or idea.
• Example: The girl played in the park.

2. Proper Noun: (पक्का )

• Definition: A proper noun is the specific name of a particular person, place, thing, or idea.
• Example: Mary visited Paris during her vacation.

3. Concrete Noun(छू सक्ते है)

• Definition: A concrete noun is a tangible, physical object that can be perceived by the senses.
• Example: The cat sat on the windowsill.

4. Abstract Noun (Feelings वाला NOUN)---( नहीं  छू सक्ते है)

• Definition: An abstract noun refers to a concept, idea, quality, or state that cannot be perceived by the senses.
• Example: Love is a powerful emotion.

5. Countable Noun (गीन सक्ते है)

• Definition: A countable noun can be counted and has a plural form.
• Example: There are three apples on the table.

6. Uncountable Noun (नहीं गिना जा सकता)

• Definition: An uncountable noun cannot be counted individually and does not have a plural form.
• Example: He spilled some water on the floor.

7. Collective Noun (GROUP वाला NOUN)

• Definition: A collective noun represents a group of people, animals, or things.
• Example: The team celebrated their victory.

8. Compound Noun:

• Definition: A compound noun is formed by combining two or more words to create a new noun.
• Example: The bookshelf is filled with science fiction novels.

1. Personal Pronoun:

• Definition: Personal pronouns replace specific people or things and indicate the person speaking, the person spoken to, or the person or thing being spoken about.
• Example: She is going to the store.

2. Reflexive Pronoun:

• Definition: Reflexive pronouns refer back to the subject of the sentence and emphasize that the action affects the doer.
• Example: He hurt himself while playing.

3. Demonstrative Pronoun:

• Definition: Demonstrative pronouns point to specific people, places, or things and indicate whether they are near or far in relation to the speaker.
• Example: This is my favorite book.

4. Relative Pronoun:

• Definition: Relative pronouns introduce dependent clauses and connect them to the noun they modify.
• Example: The person who called left a message.

5. Interrogative Pronoun

• Definition: Interrogative pronouns introduce questions and request information about people or things.
• Example: Who is coming to the party?

6. Indefinite Pronoun(COUNTING पक्का नहीं है)

• Definition: Indefinite pronouns refer to non-specific people, places, or things, often without specifying exact details.
• Example: Everybody enjoyed the concert.

7. Possessive Pronoun (OWNER वाला PRONOUN)

• Definition: Possessive pronouns indicate ownership or possession and replace the need for a noun.
• Example: The car is hers.

8. Reciprocal Pronoun:

• Definition: Reciprocal pronouns indicate a mutual action or feeling between two or more people.
• Example: They hugged each other after the game.

1. Action Verbs:

• Express physical or mental actions; e.g., "She ran to catch the bus."

2. Linking Verbs:

• Connect the subject to a subject complement (usually an adjective or noun); e.g., "They are talented musicians."

3. Auxiliary Verbs (Helping Verbs): Assist the main verb in forming tenses

• e.g., "She has completed her homework."

Progressive Tense(
PRESENT + FUTURE……….. Continued….)

• Definition: Progressive tense, also known as continuous tense, indicates ongoing or continuous action at a specific point in time.
• Example: She is studying for her exams.

Perfect Tense (
PAST   or   FUTURE ------------------ one of them only)

• Definition: Perfect tense indicates the completion of an action or state at a specific point in the past, present, or future.
• Example: By 6 PM, they will have finished the project.

1. Adverb of Time:

• Definition: Adverbs of time indicate when an action occurs.
• Example: She will arrive soon.

2. Adverb of Place:

• Definition: Adverbs of place indicate where an action occurs.
• Example: The cat is sitting here.

3. Adverb of Manner:

• Definition: Adverbs of manner describe how an action is performed.
• Example: He sings beautifully.

4. Adverb of Frequency:

• Definition: Adverbs of frequency indicate how often an action occurs.
• Example: I exercise daily.

5. Adverb of Degree:

• Definition: Adverbs of degree modify the intensity or degree of an adjective, adverb, or verb.
• Example: The water was extremely cold.

6. Adverb of Certainty:

• Definition: Adverbs of certainty express the degree of certainty or likelihood of an action.
• Example: She will probably come to the party.

7. Adverb of Negation:

• Definition: Adverbs of negation indicate the absence or refusal of an action.
• Example: He does not always arrive on time.

8. Adverb of Frequency:

• Definition: Adverbs of sequence show the order or sequence of events.
• Example: First, we'll gather the ingredients.

1. Descriptive Adjective:

• Definition: Descriptive adjectives provide details about the characteristics or qualities of a noun.
• Example: The red rose bloomed in the garden.

2. Demonstrative Adjective:

• Definition: Demonstrative adjectives indicate which noun is being referred to by pointing out its proximity.
• Example: I would like this book, please.

3. Quantitative Adjective:

• Definition: Quantitative adjectives express the amount or quantity of a noun.
• Example: He ate three apples for a snack.

4. Qualitative Adjective:

• Definition: Qualitative adjectives describe the inherent qualities or characteristics of a noun.
• Example: The mountain air is refreshing.

5. Possessive Adjective:

• Definition: Possessive adjectives indicate ownership or possession of a noun.
• Example: This is my laptop.

6. Interrogative Adjective:

• Definition: Interrogative adjectives are used in questions to modify a noun.
• Example: Which book do you recommend?

7. Numeral Adjective:

• Definition: Numeral adjectives indicate the numerical position or quantity of a noun.
• Example: We live on the fourth floor.

8. Proper Adjective:

• Definition: Proper adjectives are derived from proper nouns and describe attributes of a specific noun.
• Example: She admired the Italian art.

PAST

Past Simple - Simple Past - Completed past actions - पूर्ण किए गए अतीत क्रियाएँ Example: "He played tennis yesterday." - "उसने कल टेनिस खेला।"

Past Continuous - Past Progressive - Ongoing past actions - चल रहे अतीत क्रियाएँ Example: "She was studying all night." - "उसने पूरी रात पढ़ाई की थी।"

Past Perfect - Completed Past Perfect - Past actions before another past event - एक अन्य अतीत घटना से पहले हुआ हुआ कार्य Example: "I had finished my work before she called." - "उसने फोन करने से पहले मैंने अपना काम पूरा कर लिया था।"

PRESENT

Present Simple - Simple Present - General truths or habits - सामान्य सत्य या आदतें Example: "She always exercises." - "वह हमेशा व्यायाम करती है।"

Present Continuous - Present Progressive - Actions happening now - अभी हो रहे कार्य Example: "I am writing a letter." - "मैं एक पत्र लिख रहा हूँ।"

Present Perfect - Completed Present - Past actions with present relevance - वर्तमान संबंधित पूर्णित Example: "They have visited Paris." - "उन्होंने पेरिस देखा है।"

FUTURE

Future Simple - Simple Future - Predictions or spontaneous decisions - भविष्य की भविष्यवाणियाँ या आकस्मिक निर्णय Example: "I will help you." - "मैं तुम्हारी मदद करूँगा।"

Future Continuous - Future Progressive - Ongoing future actions - भविष्य की चल रही क्रियाएँ Example: "This time next week, I will be traveling." - "इसी समय अगले सप्ताह, मैं यात्रा कर रहा होऊँगा।"

Future Perfect - Completed Future - Future actions before another future event - एक अन्य भविष्य घटना से पहले होने वाले कार्य Example: "By 5 PM, I will have completed the report." - "5 बजे तक, मैं रिपोर्ट पूरी कर चुका होऊँगा।"